Peerage Record – 10139

     Sophie Dorothea Prinzessin von der Pfalz was born on 13 October 1630.⁴ She was the daughter of Friedrich V von der Pfalz, King of Bohemia and Elizabeth Stuart, Princess of England.⁵ She married Ernst August I Kurfürst von Hannover, son of Georg Herzog von Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Anne Eleanore Prinzessin von Hessen-Darmstadt, on 30 September 1658 at Castle Chapel, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemburg, Germany.⁶ She died on 8 June 1714 at age 83.⁴ She was buried at Leine Schloss, Chapel, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany^G.⁴
     She was also known as Sophie of Bohemia. She gained the title of Prinzessin von der Pfalz.¹ On 22 March 1701 she was declared heiress ot the Crown of Great Britain.⁵

     Frederik II Oldenburg, King of Denmark was born on 1 July 1534 at Haderslev, Denmark^G. He was the son of Christian III Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Dorothea von Sachsen-Lauenburg.³ He married Sophia von Mecklenburg-Güstrow, daughter of Ulrich III Nestor Herzog von Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark, on 20 July 1572 at Copenhagen, Denmark^G. He died on 4 April 1588 at age 53 at Antvorskey Castle. He was buried at Roskilde Cathedral, Copenhagen, Denmark^G.
     He succeeded as the King Frederik II of Denmark in 1559.¹

     Sophia von Mecklenburg-Güstrow was born on 4 September 1557 at Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany^G. She was the daughter of Ulrich III Nestor Herzog von Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark.^1,2 She married Frederik II Oldenburg, King of Denmark, son of Christian III Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Dorothea von Sachsen-Lauenburg, on 20 July 1572 at Copenhagen, Denmark^G. She died on 4 October 1631 at age 74 at Nykøbing, Falster, Denmark.

     Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France was born on 26 November 1609 at The Louvre, Paris, France^G.⁴ She was the daughter of Henri IV, Roi de France and Marie de Medici.¹ She married Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain, son of James I Charles Stuart, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark, on 13 June 1625 at St. Augustine’s Church, Canterbury, Kent, England^G.⁴ She married Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain, son of James I Charles Stuart, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark, on 1 May 1625 at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France^G, in a proxy marriage.¹ She died on 31 August 1669 at age 59 at Château de St. Colombes, Colombe, Île-de-France, France^G.^5,1 She died on 10 September 1669 at age 59.⁶ She was buried at Cathedral of St. Denis, Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France^G.⁴
     She gained the title of Princesse de France.

     Henri IV, Roi de France was born on 13 December 1553 at Pau, Armagnac, France^G.⁴ He was the son of Antoine, Rey de Navarre and Jeanne III, Reina de Navarre.¹ He married, firstly, Marguerite d‘Angoulême, daughter of Henri II, Roi de France and Catherine de Medici, on 18 August 1572 at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France^G.⁴ He married, secondly, Marie de Medici, daughter of Francesco I de Medici, Granduca di Toscana and Joanna Erzherzogin von Österreich, on 27 December 1600 at Lyon, France^G.⁵ He died on 14 May 1610 at age 56 at Paris, France^G, murdered in his carriage.^6,5 He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France^G.⁵
     He succeeded as the Duc de Vendôme on 17 November 1562.⁴ Henri IV, Roi de France also went by the nick-name of Henri ‘le Grand’.¹ He succeeded as the Rey Enrique III de Navarre on 9 June 1572.^7,4 He held the office of Governor of Guienne in 1576.⁴ He succeeded as the Roi Henri IV de France on 2 August 1589.¹ He was appointed Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) on 24 April 1590.⁴ He and Gabrielle d‘Estrées, Duchesse de Beaufort were associated between 1593 and 1597.⁵ He was crowned King of France on 27 February 1594 at Chartres, France^G.⁴ On 13 April 1598 he promulgated the Edict of Nantes.⁴ His marriage to Marguerite d‘Angoulême was annulled on 17 December 1599.⁴ He and Catherine Henriette de Balzac, Marquise de Verneuil were associated from 1601 to 1602.⁵ He and Jacqueline de Bueil, Comtesse de Moret were associated circa 1606.⁵ He and Charlotte des Essarts, Comtesse de Romorantin were associated from 1607 to 1608.⁵

     Marie de Medici was born on 26 April 1573 at Florence, Italy^G.¹ She was the daughter of Francesco I de Medici, Granduca di Toscana and Joanna Erzherzogin von Österreich.^4,1 She married Henri IV, Roi de France, son of Antoine, Rey de Navarre and Jeanne III, Reina de Navarre, on 27 December 1600 at Lyon, France^G.¹ She died on 3 July 1642 at age 69 at Cologne, Germany^G.¹
     She gained the title of Reine Marie de France.

     Charles James Stuart, Duke of Cornwall was born on 13 May 1629 at Greenwich Palace, Greenwich, London, England^G.¹ He was the son of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France.² He died on 13 May 1629 at Greenwich Palace, Greenwich, London, England^G.¹ He was buried on 14 May 1629.²
     He gained the title of Duke of Rothesay on 13 May 1629.¹ He gained the title of Duke of Cornwall on 13 May 1629.¹

     Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain was born on 29 May 1630 at St. James’s Palace, St. James’s, London, England^G.² He was the son of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France. He married Catarina Henriqueta de Bragança, Princeza de Portugal, daughter of João IV de Bragança, Rei de Portugal and Luiza Maria de Guzman, on 21 May 1662 at St. Thomas à Becket Church, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England^G.² He was also reported to have been married on 3 May 1662 at Winchester, Hampshire, England^G. He died on 6 February 1685 at age 54 at Whitehall Palace, Whitehall, London, England^G, from a stroke.³ He was buried on 14 February 1685 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England^G.³
     He and Lady Elizabeth Jones were associated.¹ He was created 1st Duke of Cornwall [England] on 29 May 1630.² He was created 1st Duke of Rothesay [England] on 29 May 1630.² He was appointed Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) on 21 May 1638.² He and Elizabeth Killigrew were associated circa 1649.⁴ He and Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland were associated between 1659 and 1668.^5,6 He gained the title of King Charles II of Great Britain on 8 May 1660.⁷ Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain also went by the nick-name of ‘Old Rowley’. Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain also went by the nick-name of ‘the Merry Monarch’. He was crowned King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith on 23 April 1661 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England^G.⁷ He and Catherine Pegge were associated. He and Lucy Walter were associated. He and Eleanor Gwynne were associated.⁸ He and Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth were associated. He and Frances Theresa Stuart were associated in 1662. He and Mary Davies were associated circa 1672. He and Hortense Mancini were associated in 1675.¹ He and Jane Middleton were associated in 1678.⁹
     When his father’s cause was lost in 1646 he went to the Isles of Scilly then Jersey and on to France. In 1650 he was crowned King of the Scots at Scone. He invaded England in 1651 and was beaten by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester and after the battle hid in an oak tree. With difficulty he escaped to France. Returning to England in 1660 he was welcomed as King. Plague struck the country in 1665 killing over 60,000 in London alone and in the next year the Great Fire made 200,000 homeless. That was not all, the Dutch Fleet sailed up the Medway and England had to sue for peace. After the Great Fire, Sir Christopher Wren built a new and better London. Charles had St James Park re-created and built Chelsea Hospital for old soldiers. He supported the sciences, founding Greenwich Observatory and the Royal Society. Boyle Halley and Newton are illustrious names of his reign and Nell Gwynn will be remembered for other reasons. His Chief Minister was Clarendon who freed the Church of its Cromwellian past. Titus Oates raised the alarm of a Popish plot and many Catholics were executed. Charles himself was a Catholic, certainly just before his death and probably before. He had many mistresses and the future Duke of Monmouth was his illegitimate son. Of twenty-six dukes in England today, five are descendants on the wrong side of the blanket of Charles II. His neice was married to William of Orange, as a diplomatic measure. He brought much needed elegance to the land. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.¹⁰
     

     Mary Henrietta Stuart, Princess Royal of Great Britain was born on 4 November 1631 at St. James’s Palace, St. James’s, London, England^G.³ She was the daughter of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France.³ She married Willem II von Nassau-Dillenburg, Prince of Orange, son of Frederik Hendrik von Nassau-Dillenburg, Prince of Orange and Amalie zu Solms-Braunfels, on 12 May 1641 [2 May 1641 O.S.].⁴ She died on 24 December 1660 at age 29 at Whitehall Palace, Whitehall, London, England^G, from smallpox.⁴ She was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England^G.⁴
     She gained the title of Princess Royal Mary of Great Britain circa 1642.⁴

     Elizabeth Stuart was born on 29 December 1635 at St. James’s Palace, St. James’s, London, England^G.² She was the daughter of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France.³ She died on 8 September 1650 at age 14 at Carisbrooke Castle, Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight, England^G.² She was buried at St. Thomas’ Church, Newport, Isle of Wight, England^G.²