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Index to Dukes and Duchesses

Index to Dukes and Duchesses

Duke of Abercorn[Ireland, 1868]

1st James Hamilton (10 Aug 1868-31 Oct 1885)

2nd James Hamilton (31 Oct 1885-3 Jan 1913)

3rd James Albert Edward Hamilton (3 Jan 1913-12 Sep 1953)

4th James Edward Hamilton (12 Sep 1953-4 Jun 1979)

5th James Hamilton (4 Jun 1979- )

Duke of Albany[Scotland, 1398]

1st Robert Stewart (28 Apr 1398-3 Sep 1420)

2nd Murdoch Stewart (3 Sep 1420-24 May 1425)

Duke of Albany[Scotland, 1458]

1st Alexander Stewart (bt 1455-1458-7 Aug 1485)

2nd John Stewart (8 Apr 1515-2 Jun 1536)

Duke of Albany[Scotland, 1565]

1st Henry Stuart (20 Jul 1565-10 Feb 1567)

2nd James I Charles Stuart (10 Feb 1567-27 Mar 1625)

Duke of Albany[Scotland, 1600]

1st Charles I Stuart (23 Dec 1600-30 Jan 1649)

Duke of Albany[Scotland, 1660]

1st James II Stuart (31 Dec 1660-16 Sep 1701)

Duke of Albany[Great Britain, 1716]

1st Ernst August Hanover (5 Jul 1716-14 Aug 1728)

Duke of Albany[Great Britain, 1760]

1st Edward Augustus Hanover (1 Apr 1760-17 Sep 1767)

Duke of Albany[Great Britain, 1784]

1st Frederick Augustus Hanover (27 Nov 1784-5 Jan 1827)

Duke of Albany[United Kingdom, 1881]

1st Leopold George Duncan Albert Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (24 May 1881-28 Mar 1884)

2nd Charles Edward George Albert Leopold Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (19 Jul 1884-6 Mar 1954)

Duke of Albemarle[England, 1660]

1st George Monck (7 Jul 1660-3 Jan 1670) as one of the 62 members of Cromwell’s House of Lords

2nd Christopher Monck (3 Jan 1670-6 Oct 1688)

Duke of Albemarle[England, 1696]

1st Henry FitzJames (13 Jan 1696-16 Dec 1702) created by his father, King James II, while in exile

Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven[Great Britain, 1715]

1st Robert Bertie (26 Jul 1715-26 Jul 1723) with a special remainder to the heirs of his father and mother

2nd Peregrine Bertie (26 Jul 1723-1 Jan 1742)

3rd Peregrine Bertie (1 Jan 1742-12 Aug 1778)

4th Robert Bertie (12 Aug 1778-8 Jul 1779)

5th Brownlow Bertie (8 Jul 1779-8 Feb 1809)

Duke of Argyll[Scotland, 1701]

1st Archibald Campbell (23 Jun 1701-25 Sep 1703)

2nd John Campbell (25 Sep 1703-4 Oct 1743)

3rd Archibald Campbell (4 Oct 1743-15 Apr 1761)

4th John Campbell (15 Apr 1761-9 Nov 1770)

5th John Campbell (9 Nov 1770-24 May 1806)

6th George William Campbell (24 May 1806-22 Oct 1839)

7th John Douglas Edward Henry Campbell (22 Oct 1839-25 Apr 1847)

8th George John Douglas Campbell (25 Apr 1847-24 Apr 1900)

9th John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell (24 Apr 1900-2 May 1914)

10th Niall Diarmid Campbell (2 May 1914-20 Aug 1949)

11th Ian Douglas Campbell (20 Aug 1949-7 Apr 1973)

12th Ian Campbell (7 Apr 1973-21 Apr 2001)

13th Torquhil Ian Campbell (21 Apr 2001- )

Duke of Argyll[United Kingdom, 1892]

1st George John Douglas Campbell (7 Aug 1892-24 Apr 1900)

2nd John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell (24 Apr 1900-2 May 1914)

3rd Niall Diarmid Campbell (2 May 1914-20 Aug 1949)

4th Ian Douglas Campbell (20 Aug 1949-7 Apr 1973)

5th Ian Campbell (7 Apr 1973-21 Apr 2001)

6th Torquhil Ian Campbell (21 Apr 2001- )

Duke of Atholl, co. Perth[Scotland, 1703]

1st John Murray (30 Jun 1703-14 Nov 1724)

2nd James Murray (9 Jul 1746-8 Jan 1764)

3rd John Murray (8 Jan 1764-5 Nov 1774)

4th John Murray (5 Nov 1774-29 Sep 1830)

5th John Murray (29 Sep 1830-14 Sep 1846)

6th George Augustus Frederick John Murray (14 Sep 1846-16 Jan 1864)

7th John James Hugh Henry Stewart-Murray (16 Jan 1864-20 Jan 1917)

8th John George Stewart-Murray (20 Jan 1917-16 Mar 1942)

9th James Thomas Stewart-Murray (16 Mar 1942-8 May 1957)

10th George Iain Murray (8 May 1957-27 Feb 1996)

11th John Murray (27 Feb 1996-15 May 2012)

12th Bruce George Ronald Murray (15 May 2012- )

Duke of Aumale[England, 1397]

1st Edward York (29 Sep 1397-25 Oct 1415)

Duke of Beaufort[England, 1682]

1st Henry Somerset (2 Dec 1682-21 Jan 1700)

2nd Henry Somerset (21 Jan 1700-24 May 1714)

3rd Henry Scudamore (24 May 1714-24 Feb 1745)

4th Charles Noel Somerset (24 Feb 1745-28 Oct 1756)

5th Henry Somerset (28 Oct 1756-11 Oct 1803)

6th Henry Charles Somerset (11 Oct 1803-23 Nov 1835)

7th Henry Somerset (23 Nov 1835-17 Nov 1853)

8th Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset (17 Nov 1853-30 Apr 1899)

9th Henry Adelbert Wellington FitzRoy Somerset (30 Apr 1899-24 Nov 1924)

10th Henry Hugh Arthur FitzRoy Somerset (24 Nov 1924-5 Feb 1984)

11th David Robert Somerset (5 Feb 1984-16 Aug 2017)

12th Henry John FitzRoy Somerset (16 Aug 2017- )

Duke of Bedford[England, 1470]

1st George Neville (5 Jan 1470-4 May 1483) because he was about to marry Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King Edward IV

Duke of Bedford[England, 1485]

1st Jasper Tudor (27 Oct 1485-21 Dec 1495)

Duke of Bedford[England, 1694]

1st William Russell (11 May 1694-7 Sep 1700)

2nd Wriothesley Russell (7 Sep 1700-26 May 1711)

3rd Wriothesley Russell (26 May 1711-23 Oct 1732)

4th John Russell (23 Oct 1732-14 Jan 1771)

5th Francis Russell (14 Jan 1771-2 Mar 1802)

6th John Russell (2 Mar 1802-20 Oct 1839)

7th Francis Russell (20 Oct 1839-14 May 1861)

8th William Russell (14 May 1861-27 May 1872)

9th Francis Charles Hastings Russell (27 May 1872-14 Jan 1891)

10th George William Francis Sackville Russell (14 Jan 1891-23 Mar 1893)

11th Herbrand Arthur Russell (23 Mar 1893-27 Aug 1940)

12th Hastings William Sackville Russell (27 Aug 1940-9 Oct 1953)

13th John Ian Robert Russell (9 Oct 1953-25 Oct 2002)

14th Henry Robin Ian Russell (25 Oct 2002-13 Jun 2003)

15th Andrew Ian Henry Russell (13 Jun 2003- )

Duke of Berwick-Upon-Tweed[England, 1687]

1st James FitzJames (19 Mar 1687-12 Jun 1734)

Duke of Bolton[England, 1689]

1st Charles Powlett (9 Apr 1689-27 Feb 1699)

2nd Charles Powlett (27 Feb 1699-21 Jan 1722)

3rd Charles Powlett (21 Jan 1722-26 Aug 1754)

4th Harry Powlett (26 Aug 1754-9 Oct 1759)

5th Charles Powlett (9 Oct 1759-5 Jul 1765)

6th Harry Powlett (5 Jul 1765-25 Dec 1794)

Duke of Brandon[Great Britain, 1711]

1st James Hamilton (10 Sep 1711-15 Nov 1712)

2nd James Hamilton (15 Nov 1712-2 Mar 1743)

3rd James Hamilton (2 Mar 1743-17 Jan 1758)

4th James George Hamilton (17 Jan 1758-7 Jul 1769)

5th Douglas Hamilton (7 Jul 1769-2 Aug 1799)

6th Archibald Hamilton (2 Aug 1799-16 Feb 1819)

7th Alexander Hamilton (16 Feb 1819-18 Aug 1852)

8th William Alexander Anthony Archibald Hamilton (18 Aug 1852-15 Jul 1863)

9th William Alexander Louis Stephen Douglas-Hamilton (15 Jul 1863-16 May 1895)

10th Alfred Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (16 May 1895-16 Mar 1940)

11th Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (16 Mar 1940-30 Mar 1973)

12th Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (30 Mar 1973-5 Jun 2010)

13th Alexander Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (5 Jun 2010- )

Duke of Bridgwater, co. Somerset[Great Britain, 1720]

1st Scroop Egerton (18 Jun 1720-11 Jan 1745)

2nd John Egerton (11 Jan 1745-26 Feb 1748)

3rd Francis Egerton (26 Feb 1748-8 Mar 1803)

Duke of Buccleuch[Scotland, 1663]

1st James Scott (20 Apr 1663-15 Jul 1685) with special remainder to the heirs of his body who succeed to the Earldom of Buccleuch

2nd Francis Scott (6 Feb 1732-22 Apr 1751)

3rd Henry Scott (22 Apr 1751-11 Jan 1812)

4th Charles William Henry Montagu-Scott (11 Jan 1812-20 Apr 1819)

5th Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott (20 Apr 1819-16 Apr 1884)

6th William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott (16 Apr 1884-5 Nov 1914)

7th John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott (5 Nov 1914-19 Oct 1935)

8th Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott (19 Oct 1935-4 Oct 1973)

9th Walter Francis John Montagu Douglas Scott (4 Oct 1973-4 Sep 2007)

10th Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott (4 Sep 2007- )

Duke of Buckingham[England, 1444]

1st Humphrey Stafford (14 Sep 1444-10 Jul 1460)

2nd Henry Stafford (10 Jul 1460-2 Nov 1483)

3rd Edward Stafford (Nov 1485-15 May 1521)

Duke of Buckingham[England, 1623]

1st George Villiers (18 May 1623-23 Aug 1628)

2nd George Villiers (23 Aug 1628-16 Apr 1687)

Duke of Buckingham and Chandos[United Kingdom, 1822]

1st Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville (4 Feb 1822-17 Jan 1839)

2nd Richard Plantagenet Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville (17 Jan 1839-29 Jul 1861)

3rd Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville (29 Jul 1861-26 Mar 1889)

Duke of the County of Buckingham and of Normanby[England, 1703]

1st John Sheffield (23 Mar 1703-24 Feb 1721)

2nd Edmund Sheffield (24 Feb 1721-30 Oct 1735)

Duke of Cambridge[England, 1664]

1st James Stuart (23 Aug 1664-20 Jun 1667)

Duke of Cambridge[England, 1667]

1st Edgar Stuart (7 Oct 1667-8 Jun 1671)

Duke of Cambridge[Great Britain, 1706]

1st George II Augustus Hanover (9 Nov 1706-25 Oct 1760)

Duke of Cambridge[United Kingdom, 1801]

1st Adolphus Frederick Hanover (27 Nov 1801-8 Jul 1850)

2nd George William Frederick Charles Hanover (8 Jul 1850-17 Mar 1904)

Duke of Cambridge[United Kingdom, 2011]

1st William Arthur Philip Louis Mountbatten-Windsor (29 Apr 2011- )

Duke of Chandos[Great Britain, 1719]

1st James Brydges (29 Apr 1719-9 Aug 1744)

2nd Henry Brydges (9 Aug 1744-28 Nov 1771)

3rd James Brydges (28 Nov 1771-29 Sep 1789)

Duke of Clarence[England, 1362]

1st Lionel Antwerp (13 Nov 1362-17 Oct 1368)

Duke of Clarence[England, 1412]

1st Thomas Lancaster (9 Jul 1412-22 Mar 1421)

Duke of Clarence[England, 1461]

1st George Plantagenet (28 Jun 1461-18 Feb 1478)

Duke of Clarence[Great Britain, 1789]

1st William IV Hanover (19 May 1789-20 Jun 1837)

Duke of Clarence and Avondale[United Kingdom, 1890]

1st Albert Victor Christian Edward Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (24 May 1890-14 Jan 1892)

Duke of Cleveland[England, 1670]

1st Barbara Villiers (3 Aug 1670-9 Oct 1709) with special remainder to her eldest son, Charles Palmer and then to her ‘second’ son, George Palmer

2nd Charles Fitzroy (9 Oct 1709-9 Sep 1730)

3rd William Fitzroy (9 Sep 1730-18 May 1774)

Duke of Cleveland[United Kingdom, 1833]

1st William Henry Vane (29 Jan 1833-29 Jan 1842) although Gibbs writes a long criticism of this selection of title, given its previous history in being created for his ‘notorious ancestress as the actual wages of her prostitution’

2nd Henry Vane (29 Jan 1842-18 Jan 1864)

3rd William John Frederick Vane (18 Jan 1864-6 Sep 1864)

4th Harry George Powlett (6 Sep 1864-21 Aug 1891)

Duke of Connaught and Strathearn[United Kingdom, 1874]

1st Arthur William Patrick Albert Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (24 May 1874-16 Jan 1942)

2nd Alistair Arthur Windsor (16 Jan 1942-26 Apr 1943)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1337]

1st Edward Woodstock (3 Mar 1337-8 Jun 1376)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1376]

1st Richard II (10 Nov 1376-6 Jan 1400)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1399]

1st Henry V Plantagenet (15 Oct 1399-31 Aug 1422)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1453]

1st Edward Plantagenet (13 Oct 1453-4 May 1471)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1471]

1st Edward V Plantagenet (17 Jul 1471-a Nov 1483)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1486]

1st Arthur Tudor (20 Sep 1486-2 Apr 1502)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1502]

1st Henry VIII Tudor (2 Apr 1502-28 Jan 1547)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1603]

1st Henry Frederick Stuart (24 Mar 1603-6 Nov 1612)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1612]

1st Charles I Stuart (6 Nov 1612-30 Jan 1649)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1630]

1st Charles II Stuart (29 May 1630-6 Feb 1685)

Duke of Cornwall[England, 1688]

1st James Francis Edward Stuart (10 Jun 1688-1 Jan 1766)

Duke of Cornwall[Great Britain, 1714]

1st George II Augustus Hanover (1 Aug 1714-25 Oct 1760)

Duke of Cornwall[Great Britain, 1727]

1st Frederick Louis Hanover (11 Jun 1727-20 Mar 1751)

Duke of Cornwall[United Kingdom, 1952]

1st Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor (6 Feb 1952- )

Duke of Cornwall[United Kingdom, 2022]

1st William Arthur Philip Louis Mountbatten-Windsor (8 Sep 2022- )

Duke of Cumberland[Great Britain, 1726]

1st William Augustus Hanover (27 Jul 1726-31 Oct 1765)

Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale[Great Britain, 1799]

1st Ernst August I Hannover (24 Apr 1799-18 Nov 1851)

2nd Georg V Hannover (18 Nov 1851-12 Jun 1878)

3rd Ernst August II Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich Hannover (12 Jun 1878-14 Nov 1923)

Duke of Devonshire[England, 1694]

1st William Cavendish (12 May 1694-18 Aug 1707)

2nd William Cavendish (18 Aug 1707-4 Jun 1729)

3rd William Cavendish (4 Jun 1729-5 Dec 1755)

4th William Cavendish (5 Dec 1755-2 Oct 1764)

5th William Cavendish (2 Oct 1764-29 Jul 1811)

6th William George Spencer Cavendish (29 Jul 1811-18 Jan 1858)

7th William Cavendish (18 Jan 1858-21 Dec 1891)

8th Spencer Compton Cavendish (21 Dec 1891-24 Mar 1908)

9th Victor Christian William Cavendish (24 Mar 1908-6 May 1938)

10th Edward William Spencer Cavendish (6 May 1938-26 Nov 1950)

11th Andrew Robert Buxton Cavendish (26 Nov 1950-3 May 2004)

12th Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish (3 May 2004- )

Duke of Dorset[Great Britain, 1720]

1st Lionel Cranfield Sackville (13 Jun 1720-10 Oct 1765)

2nd Charles Sackville (10 Oct 1765-6 Jan 1769)

3rd John Frederick Sackville (6 Jan 1769-19 Jul 1799)

4th George John Frederick Sackville (19 Jul 1799-14 Feb 1815)

5th Charles Sackville (14 Feb 1815-29 Jul 1843)

Duke of Douglas[Scotland, 1703]

1st Archibald Douglas (10 Apr 1703-21 Jul 1761)

Duke of Dover[Great Britain, 1708]

1st James Douglas (26 May 1708-6 Jul 1711) with special remainder to his third son Charles

2nd Charles Douglas (6 Jul 1711-22 Oct 1778)

Duke Dudley[England, 1644]

1st Alice Leigh (23 May 1644-22 Jan 1669) for life

Duke of Edinburgh[Great Britain, 1726]

1st Frederick Louis Hanover (12 Jul 1726-20 Mar 1751)

Duke of Edinburgh[United Kingdom, 1866]

1st Alfred Ernest Albert Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (24 May 1866-30 Jul 1900)

Duke of Edinburgh[United Kingdom, 1947]

1st Philip Mountbatten (19 Nov 1947-9 Apr 2021)

2nd Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor (9 Apr 2021- )

Duke of Edinburgh[United Kingdom, 2023]

1st Edward Antony Richard Louis Mountbatten-Windsor (10 Mar 2023- ) for life

Duke of Exeter[England, 1397]

1st John Holand (29 Sep 1397-c 9 Jan 1400)

Duke of Exeter[England, 1416]

1st Thomas Beaufort (18 Nov 1416-27 Dec 1426)

Duke of Exeter[England, 1444]

1st John Holand (6 Jan 1444-1447)

2nd Henry Holand (1447-1475)

Duke of Fife[United Kingdom, 1889]

1st Alexander William George Duff (27 Jul 1889-29 Jan 1912)

Duke of Fife[United Kingdom, 1900]

1st Alexander William George Duff (24 Apr 1900-29 Jan 1912) with a special remainder to his daughters

2nd Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff (29 Jan 1912-26 Feb 1959)

3rd James George Alexander Bannerman Carnegie (26 Feb 1959-22 Jun 2015)

4th David Charles Carnegie (22 Jun 2015- )

Duke of Gloucester[England, 1659]

1st Henry Stuart (13 May 1659-13 Sep 1660)

Duke of Gloucester[Great Britain, 1717]

1st Frederick Louis Hanover (10 Jan 1717-20 Mar 1751)

Duke of Gloucester[United Kingdom, 1928]

1st Henry William Frederick Albert Windsor (31 Mar 1928-10 Jun 1974)

2nd Richard Alexander Walter George Windsor (10 Jun 1974- )

Duke of Gordon[Scotland, 1684]

1st George Gordon (1 Nov 1684-7 Dec 1716)

2nd Alexander Gordon (7 Dec 1716-28 Nov 1728)

3rd Cosmo George Gordon (28 Nov 1728-5 Aug 1752)

4th Alexander Gordon (5 Aug 1752-17 Jun 1827)

5th George Gordon (17 Jun 1827-28 May 1836)

Duke of Gordon[United Kingdom, 1876]

1st Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (13 Jan 1876-27 Sep 1903)

2nd Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (27 Sep 1903-18 Jan 1928)

3rd Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (18 Jan 1928-7 May 1935)

4th Frederick Charles Gordon-Lennox (7 May 1935-2 Nov 1989)

5th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1989-1 Sep 2017)

6th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1 Sep 2017- )

Duke of Grafton, co. Northampton[England, 1675]

1st Henry Fitzroy (11 Sep 1675-9 Oct 1690)

2nd Charles Fitzroy (9 Oct 1690-6 May 1757)

3rd Augustus Henry Fitzroy (6 May 1757-14 Mar 1811)

4th George Henry FitzRoy (14 Mar 1811-28 Sep 1844)

5th Henry FitzRoy (28 Sep 1844-26 Mar 1863)

6th William Henry Fitzroy (26 Mar 1863-21 May 1882)

7th Augustus Charles Lennox FitzRoy (21 May 1882-4 Dec 1918)

8th Alfred William Maitland FitzRoy (4 Dec 1918-10 Jan 1930)

9th John Charles William FitzRoy (10 Jan 1930-1 Aug 1936)

10th Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy (4 Aug 1936-11 Nov 1970)

11th Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy (11 Nov 1970-7 Apr 2011)

12th Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy (7 Apr 2011- )

Duke of Greenwich[Great Britain, 1719]

1st John Campbell (27 Apr 1719-4 Oct 1743)

Duke of Hamilton[Scotland, 1643]

1st James Hamilton (12 Apr 1643-9 Mar 1649)

2nd William Hamilton (9 Mar 1649-12 Sep 1651)

3rd Anne Hamilton (12 Sep 1651-17 Oct 1716)

4th James Hamilton (9 Jul 1698-15 Nov 1712)

5th James Hamilton (15 Nov 1712-2 Mar 1743)

6th James Hamilton (2 Mar 1743-17 Jan 1758)

7th James George Hamilton (17 Jan 1758-7 Jul 1769)

8th Douglas Hamilton (7 Jul 1769-2 Aug 1799)

9th Archibald Hamilton (2 Aug 1799-16 Feb 1819)

10th Alexander Hamilton (16 Feb 1819-18 Aug 1852)

11th William Alexander Anthony Archibald Hamilton (18 Aug 1852-15 Jul 1863)

12th William Alexander Louis Stephen Douglas-Hamilton (15 Jul 1863-16 May 1895)

13th Alfred Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (16 May 1895-16 Mar 1940)

14th Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (16 Mar 1940-30 Mar 1973)

15th Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (30 Mar 1973-5 Jun 2010)

16th Alexander Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (5 Jun 2010- )

Duke of Inverness[United Kingdom, 1840]

1st Cecilia Letitia Underwood (5 Apr 1840-1 Aug 1873) suo jure

Duke of Ireland[England, 1386]

1st Robert Vere (13 Oct 1386-1392) for life

Duke of Kent[Great Britain, 1710]

1st Henry Grey (28 Apr 1710-5 Jun 1740)

Duke of Kent[United Kingdom, 1934]

1st George Edward Alexander Edmund Windsor (12 Oct 1934-25 Aug 1942)

2nd Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick Windsor (25 Aug 1942- )

Duke of Kintyre[Scotland, 1602]

1st Robert Bruce Stuart (2 May 1602-27 May 1602)

Duke of Lancaster[England, 1399]

1st Henry V Plantagenet (10 Nov 1399-31 Aug 1422)

Duke of Lauderdale[Scotland, 1672]

1st John Maitland (26 Mar 1672-24 Aug 1682)

Duke of Leeds[England, 1694]

1st Thomas Osborne (4 Mar 1694-26 Jul 1712)

2nd Peregrine Osborne (26 Jul 1712-25 Jun 1729)

3rd Peregrine Hyde Osborne (25 Jun 1729-9 May 1731)

4th Thomas Osborne (25 Jun 1729-23 Mar 1789)

5th Francis Godolphin Osborne (23 Mar 1789-31 Jan 1799)

6th George William Frederick Osborne (31 Jan 1799-10 Jul 1838)

7th Francis Godolphin Darcy-Osborne (10 Jul 1838-12 May 1859)

8th George Godolphin Osborne (4 May 1859-8 Aug 1872)

9th George Godolphin Osborne (8 Aug 1872-23 Dec 1895)

10th George Godolphin Osborne (23 Dec 1895-10 May 1927)

11th John Francis Godophin Osborne (10 May 1927-26 Jul 1963)

12th Francis D’Arcy Godolphin Osborne (Jul 1963-20 Mar 1964)

Duke of Leinster[Ireland, 1766]

1st James FitzGerald (26 Nov 1766-19 Nov 1773)

2nd William Robert FitzGerald (19 Nov 1773-20 Oct 1804)

3rd Augustus Frederick FitzGerald (20 Oct 1804-10 Oct 1874)

4th Charles William FitzGerald (10 Oct 1874-10 Feb 1887)

5th Gerald FitzGerald (10 Feb 1887-1 Dec 1893)

6th Maurice FitzGerald (1 Dec 1893-4 Feb 1922)

7th Edward FitzGerald (4 Feb 1922-8 Mar 1976)

8th Gerald FitzGerald (8 Mar 1976-3 Dec 2004)

9th Maurice FitzGerald (3 Dec 2004- )

Duke of Lennox[Scotland, 1581]

1st Esmé Stuart (5 Aug 1581-26 May 1583)

2nd Ludovic Stuart (26 May 1583-16 Feb 1624)

3rd Esmé Stuart (16 Feb 1624-30 Jul 1624)

4th James Stuart (30 Jul 1624-30 Mar 1655)

5th Esme Stuart (30 Mar 1655-10 Aug 1660)

6th Charles Stuart (10 Aug 1660-12 Dec 1672)

Duke of Lennox[Scotland, 1675]

1st Charles Lennox (9 Sep 1675-27 May 1723)

2nd Charles Lennox (27 May 1723-8 Aug 1750)

3rd Charles Lennox (8 Aug 1750-29 Dec 1806)

4th Charles Lennox (29 Dec 1806-28 Aug 1819)

5th Charles Gordon-Lennox (28 Aug 1819-21 Oct 1860)

6th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (21 Oct 1860-27 Sep 1903)

7th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (27 Sep 1903-18 Jan 1928)

8th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (18 Jan 1928-7 May 1935)

9th Frederick Charles Gordon-Lennox (7 May 1935-2 Nov 1989)

10th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1989-1 Sep 2017)

11th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1 Sep 2017- )

Duke of Manchester[England, 1719]

1st Charles Montagu (28 Apr 1719-20 Jan 1722)

2nd William Montagu (20 Jan 1722-21 Oct 1739)

3rd Robert Montagu (21 Oct 1739-10 May 1762)

4th George Montagu (10 May 1762-2 Sep 1788)

5th William Montagu (2 Sep 1788-18 Mar 1843)

6th George Montagu (18 Mar 1843-18 Aug 1855)

7th William Drogo Montagu (18 Aug 1855-22 Mar 1890)

8th George Victor Drogo Montagu (22 Mar 1890-18 Aug 1892)

9th William Angus Drogo Montagu (18 Aug 1892-9 Feb 1947)

10th Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu (9 Feb 1947-23 Nov 1977)

11th Sidney Arthur Robin George Drogo Montagu (23 Nov 1977-1985)

12th Angus Charles Drogo Montagu (1985-25 Jul 2002)

13th Alexander Charles David Drogo Montagu (25 Jul 2002- )

Duke of Marlborough[England, 1702]

1st John Churchill (14 Dec 1702-16 Jun 1722)

2nd Henrietta Churchill (9 Aug 1722-24 Oct 1733) suo jure

3rd Charles Spencer (24 Oct 1733-20 Oct 1758)

4th George Spencer (20 Oct 1758-29 Jan 1817)

5th George Spencer-Churchill (29 Jan 1817-5 Mar 1840)

6th George Spencer-Churchill (5 Mar 1840-1 Jul 1857)

7th John Winston Spencer-Churchill (1 Jul 1857-5 Jul 1883)

8th George Charles Spencer-Churchill (16 Apr 1883-9 Nov 1892)

9th Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill (9 Nov 1892-30 Jun 1934)

10th John Albert Edward William Spencer-Churchill (30 Jun 1934-11 Mar 1972)

11th John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill (10 Mar 1972-16 Oct 2014)

12th Charles James Spencer-Churchill (16 Oct 2014- )

Duke of Monmouth[England, 1663]

1st James Scott (14 Feb 1663-15 Jul 1685)

Duke of Montagu[England, 1705]

1st Ralph Montagu (14 Apr 1705-9 Mar 1709)

2nd John Montagu (9 Mar 1709-5 Jul 1749)

Duke of Montagu[Great Britain, 1766]

1st George Montagu (5 Nov 1766-23 May 1790) He was originally offered the Dukedom on the condition that the remainder was only to his children by his current wife, but after he objected to this condition, the Dukedom was grante

Duke of Montrose[Scotland, 1488]

1st David Lindsay (18 May 1488-25 Dec 1495)

Duke of Montrose[Scotland, 1707]

1st James Graham (24 Apr 1707-7 Jan 1742)

2nd William Graham (7 Jan 1742-23 Sep 1790)

3rd James Graham (23 Sep 1790-30 Dec 1836)

4th James Graham (30 Dec 1836-30 Dec 1874)

5th Douglas Beresford Malise Ronald Graham (30 Dec 1874-10 Dec 1925)

6th James Graham (Dec 1925-20 Jan 1954)

7th James Angus Graham (20 Jan 1954-10 Feb 1992)

8th James Graham (1992- )

Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne[Great Britain, 1756]

1st Thomas Pelham-Holles (17 Nov 1756-17 Nov 1768) with special remainder to Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (husband of his neice Catherine)

2nd Henry Pelham-Clinton (17 Nov 1768-22 Feb 1794)

3rd Thomas Pelham-Clinton (22 Feb 1794-18 May 1795)

4th Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton (18 May 1795-12 Jan 1851)

10th Edward Charles Pelham-Clinton (4 Nov 1988-25 Dec 1988)

Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne[England, 1694]

1st John Holles (14 May 1694-15 Jul 1711)

Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne[Great Britain, 1715]

1st Thomas Pelham-Holles (11 Aug 1715-17 Nov 1768) with special remainder to his brother, Henry Pelham

Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, co. Northumberland[England, 1665]

1st William Cavendish (16 Mar 1665-25 Dec 1676)

2nd Henry Cavendish (25 Dec 1676-26 Jul 1691)

Duke of Norfolk[England, 1397]

1st Thomas Mowbray (29 Sep 1397-22 Sep 1400)

1st Margaret Marshall Brotherton (29 Sep 1397-24 Mar 1399) for life

2nd John Mowbray (30 Apr 1425-19 Oct 1432)

3rd John Mowbray (19 Oct 1432-6 Nov 1461)

4th John Mowbray (6 Nov 1461-16 Jan 1476)

Duke of Norfolk[England, 1483]

1st John Howard (28 Jun 1483-22 Aug 1485)

2nd Thomas Howard (1 Feb 1514-21 May 1524) which was created for him with precedence of any previous Dukedoms of Norfolk, effectively a restoration of his father’s attainted title

3rd Thomas Howard (3 Aug 1553-25 Aug 1554)

4th Thomas Howard (25 Aug 1554-2 Jun 1572)

5th Thomas Howard (29 Dec 1660-13 Dec 1677) restored

6th Henry Howard (13 Dec 1677-13 Jan 1684)

7th Henry Howard (13 Jan 1684-2 Apr 1701)

8th Thomas Howard (2 Apr 1701-23 Dec 1732)

9th Edward Howard (23 Dec 1732-20 Sep 1777)

10th Charles Howard (20 Sep 1777-31 Aug 1786)

11th Charles Howard (31 Aug 1786-16 Dec 1815)

12th Bernard Edward Howard (16 Dec 1815-16 Mar 1842)

13th Henry Charles Howard (16 Mar 1842-18 Feb 1856)

14th Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard (18 Feb 1856-25 Nov 1860)

15th Henry Fitzalan-Howard (25 Nov 1860-11 Feb 1917)

16th Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard (11 Feb 1917-30 Jan 1975)

17th Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan Howard (30 Jan 1975-24 Jun 2002)

18th Edward William Fitzalan-Howard (24 Jun 2002- )

Duke of Northumberland[England, 1551]

1st John Dudley (11 Oct 1551-22 Aug 1553)

Duke of Northumberland[Great Britain, 1766]

1st Hugh Percy (22 Oct 1766-6 Jun 1786)

2nd Hugh Percy (6 Jun 1786-10 Jul 1817)

3rd Hugh Percy (10 Jul 1817-11 Feb 1847)

4th Algernon Percy (11 Feb 1847-12 Feb 1865)

5th George Percy (12 Feb 1865-22 Aug 1867)

6th Algernon George Percy (21 Aug 1867-2 Jan 1899)

7th Henry George Percy (2 Jan 1899-14 May 1918)

8th Alan Ian Percy (14 May 1918-23 Aug 1930)

9th Henry George Alan Percy (23 Aug 1930-21 May 1940)

10th Hugh Algernon Percy (21 May 1940-11 Oct 1988)

11th Henry Alan Walter Richard Percy (11 Oct 1988-31 Oct 1995)

12th Ralph George Algernon Percy (31 Oct 1995- )

Duke of Orkney[Scotland, 1567]

1st James Hepburn (12 May 1567-14 Apr 1578)

Duke of Ormonde[Ireland, 1661]

1st James Butler (30 Mar 1661-21 Jul 1688)

2nd James Butler (21 Jul 1688-16 Nov 1745)

3rd Charles Butler (16 Nov 1745-17 Dec 1758) de jure

Duke of Ormonde[England, 1682]

1st James Butler (9 Nov 1682-21 Jul 1688)

2nd James Butler (21 Jul 1688-16 Nov 1745)

Duke of Portland[Great Britain, 1716]

1st Henry Bentinck (6 Jul 1716-4 Jul 1726)

2nd William Bentinck (4 Jul 1726-1 May 1762)

3rd William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (1 May 1762-30 Oct 1809)

4th William Henry Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck (30 Oct 1809-27 Mar 1854)

5th William John Cavendish Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck (27 Mar 1854-6 Dec 1879)

6th William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck (6 Dec 1879-26 Apr 1943)

7th William Arthur Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (26 Apr 1943-21 Mar 1977)

8th Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck (21 Mar 1977-13 Dec 1980)

9th Victor Frederick William Cavendish-Bentinck (13 Dec 1980-30 Jul 1990)

Duke of Queensberry[Scotland, 1684]

1st William Douglas (3 Nov 1684-28 Mar 1695)

2nd James Douglas (28 Mar 1695-6 Jul 1711)

3rd Charles Douglas (6 Jul 1711-22 Oct 1778)

4th William Douglas (22 Oct 1778-23 Dec 1810)

5th Henry Scott (23 Dec 1810-11 Jan 1812)

6th Charles William Henry Montagu-Scott (11 Jan 1812-20 Apr 1819)

7th Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott (20 Apr 1819-16 Apr 1884)

8th William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott (16 Apr 1884-5 Nov 1914)

9th John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott (5 Nov 1914-19 Oct 1935)

10th Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott (19 Oct 1935-4 Oct 1973)

11th Walter Francis John Montagu Douglas Scott (4 Oct 1973-4 Sep 2007)

12th Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott (4 Sep 2007- )

Duke of Richmond[England, 1525]

1st Henry Fitzroy (18 Jun 1525-22 Jul 1536)

Duke of Richmond[England, 1641]

1st James Stuart (8 Aug 1641-30 Mar 1655)

2nd Esme Stuart (30 Mar 1655-10 Aug 1660)

3rd Charles Stuart (10 Aug 1660-12 Dec 1672)

Duke of Richmond[England, 1675]

1st Charles Lennox (9 Aug 1675-27 May 1723)

2nd Charles Lennox (27 May 1723-8 Aug 1750)

3rd Charles Lennox (8 Aug 1750-29 Dec 1806)

4th Charles Lennox (29 Dec 1806-28 Aug 1819)

5th Charles Gordon-Lennox (28 Aug 1819-21 Oct 1860)

6th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (21 Oct 1860-27 Sep 1903)

7th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (27 Sep 1903-18 Jan 1928)

8th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (18 Jan 1928-7 May 1935)

9th Frederick Charles Gordon-Lennox (7 May 1935-2 Nov 1989)

10th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1989-1 Sep 2017)

11th Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1 Sep 2017- )

Duke of Richmond, co. York[England, 1623]

1st Ludovic Stuart (17 May 1623-16 Feb 1624)

Duke of Rothes[Scotland, 1680]

1st John Leslie (29 May 1680-26 Jul 1681)

Duke of Rothesay[Scotland, 1398]

1st David Stewart (28 Apr 1398-26 Mar 1402)

Duke of Rothesay[England, 1594]

1st Henry Frederick Stuart (19 Feb 1594-6 Nov 1612)

Duke of Rothesay[England, 1612]

1st Charles I Stuart (6 Nov 1612-30 Jan 1649)

Duke of Rothesay[England, 1630]

1st Charles II Stuart (29 May 1630-6 Feb 1685)

Duke of Rothesay[England, 1688]

1st James Francis Edward Stuart (10 Jun 1688-1 Jan 1766)

Duke of Rothesay[Great Britain, 1714]

1st George II Augustus Hanover (1 Aug 1714-25 Oct 1760)

Duke of Rothesay[Great Britain, 1727]

1st Frederick Louis Hanover (11 Jun 1727-20 Mar 1751)

Duke of Roxburghe[Scotland, 1707]

1st John Ker (25 Apr 1707-27 Feb 1741) with special remainder to his heirs male

2nd Robert Ker (27 Feb 1741-20 Aug 1755)

3rd John Ker (20 Aug 1755-19 Mar 1804)

4th William Bellenden-Ker (19 Mar 1804-22 Oct 1805)

5th James Innes-Ker (22 Oct 1805-19 Jul 1823)

6th James Henry Robert Innes-Ker (19 Jul 1823-23 Apr 1879)

7th James Henry Robert Innes-Ker (23 Apr 1879-23 Oct 1892)

8th Henry John Innes-Ker (23 Oct 1892-29 Sep 1932)

9th George Victor Robert John Innes-Ker (29 Sep 1932-26 Sep 1974)

10th Guy David Innes-Ker (26 Sep 1974-29 Aug 2019)

11th Charles Robert George Innes-Ker (29 Aug 2019- )

Duke of Rutland[England, 1703]

1st John Manners (29 Mar 1703-10 Jan 1711)

2nd John Manners (10 Jan 1711-22 Feb 1721)

3rd John Manners (22 Feb 1721-29 May 1779)

4th Charles Manners (29 May 1779-24 Oct 1787)

5th John Henry Manners (24 Oct 1787-20 Jan 1857)

6th Charles Cecil John Manners (20 Jan 1857-3 Mar 1888)

7th John James Robert Manners (3 Mar 1888-4 Apr 1906)

8th Henry John Brinsley Manners (4 Aug 1906-8 May 1925)

9th John Henry Montagu Manners (8 May 1925-22 Apr 1940)

10th Charles John Robert Manners (22 Apr 1940-2 Jan 1999)

11th David Charles Robert Manners (3 Jan 1999- )

Duke of Saint Albans[England, 1684]

1st Charles Beauclerk (10 Jan 1684-11 May 1726)

2nd Charles Beauclerk (11 May 1726-27 Jul 1751)

3rd George Beauclerk (27 Jul 1751-1 Feb 1786)

4th George Beauclerk (1 Feb 1786-10 Feb 1787)

5th Aubrey Beauclerk (10 Feb 1787-9 Feb 1802)

6th Aubrey Beauclerk (9 Feb 1802-12 Aug 1815)

7th Aubrey Beauclerk (12 Aug 1815-19 Feb 1816)

8th William Beauclerk (19 Feb 1816-17 Jul 1825)

9th William Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk (17 Jul 1825-27 May 1849)

10th William Ameleus Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk (27 May 1849-10 May 1898)

11th Charles Victor Albert Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk (10 May 1898-19 Sep 1934)

12th Osbourne de Vere Beauclerk (19 Sep 1934-2 Mar 1964)

13th Charles Frederic Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk (2 Mar 1964-8 Oct 1988)

14th Murray de Vere Beauclerk (8 Oct 1988- )

Duke of Shrewsbury[England, 1694]

1st Charles Talbot (30 Apr 1694-1 Feb 1718)

Duke of Somerset[England, 1443]

1st John Beaufort (28 Aug 1443-27 May 1444)

Duke of Somerset[England, 1448]

1st Edmund Beaufort (31 Mar 1448-22 May 1455)

2nd Henry Beaufort (22 May 1455-15 May 1464)

3rd Edmund Beaufort (15 May 1464-6 May 1471) although his succession to this title depends on the legitimacy of the attainder of his brother Henry He was certainly regarded as Duke by the Lancastrians

Duke of Somerset[England, 1547]

1st Edward Seymour (16 Feb 1547-22 Jan 1552) with a special remainder to his male issue by his second wife, and then to his second son by his first wife, and finally to the heirs male of any subsequent wife

2nd William Seymour (13 Sep 1660-24 Oct 1660)

3rd William Seymour (24 Oct 1660-12 Dec 1671)

4th John Seymour (12 Dec 1671-29 Apr 1675)

5th Francis Seymour (29 Apr 1675-20 Apr 1678)

6th Charles Seymour (20 Apr 1678-2 Dec 1748)

7th Algernon Seymour (2 Dec 1748-7 Feb 1750)

8th Edward Seymour (7 Feb 1750-15 Dec 1757)

9th Edward Seymour (15 Dec 1757-2 Jan 1792)

10th Webb Seymour (2 Jan 1792-15 Dec 1793)

11th Edward Adolphus St. Maur (15 Dec 1793-15 Aug 1855)

12th Edward Adolphus St. Maur (15 Aug 1855-28 Dec 1885)

13th Archibald Henry Algernon St. Maur (28 Nov 1885-12 Jan 1891)

14th Algernon Percy Banks St. Maur (12 Jan 1891-2 Oct 1894)

15th Algernon St. Maur (2 Oct 1894-22 Oct 1923)

16th Edward Hamilton Seymour (22 Oct 1923-5 May 1931)

17th Evelyn Francis Edward Seymour (5 May 1931-26 Apr 1954)

18th Percy Hamilton Seymour (26 Apr 1954-15 Nov 1984)

19th John Michael Edward Seymour (15 Nov 1984- )

Duke of Southampton[England, 1675]

1st Charles Fitzroy (10 Sep 1675-9 Sep 1730)

2nd William Fitzroy (9 Sep 1730-18 May 1774)

Duke of St. Andrews[Great Britain, 1789]

1st William IV Hanover (19 May 1789-20 Jun 1837)

Duke of Suffolk[England, 1551]

1st Henry Grey (11 Oct 1551-23 Feb 1554)

Duke of Surrey[England, 1397]

1st Thomas Holand (29 Sep 1397-fr 1400-1400)

Duke of Sussex[United Kingdom, 1801]

1st Augustus Frederick Hanover (27 Nov 1801-22 Apr 1843)

Duke of Sussex[United Kingdom, 2018]

1st Henry Charles Albert David Mountbatten-Windsor (2018- )

Duke of Sutherland[United Kingdom, 1833]

1st George Granville Leveson-Gower (28 Jan 1833-19 Jul 1833)

2nd George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (19 Jul 1833-22 Feb 1861)

3rd George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (22 Feb 1861-22 Sep 1892)

4th Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (22 Sep 1892-27 Jun 1913)

5th George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (27 Jun 1913-1 Feb 1963)

6th John Sutherland Egerton (24 Aug 1944-21 Sep 2000)

7th Francis Ronald Egerton (21 Sep 2000- )

Duke of Warwick[England, 1445]

1st Henry Beauchamp (5 Apr 1445-11 Jun 1445)

Duke of Wellington[United Kingdom, 1814]

1st Arthur Wellesley (11 May 1814-14 Sep 1852)

2nd Arthur Richard Wellesley (14 Sep 1852-13 Aug 1884)

3rd Henry Wellesley (13 Aug 1884-8 Jun 1900)

4th Arthur Charles Wellesley (8 Jun 1900-18 Jun 1934)

5th Arthur Charles Wellesley (18 Jun 1934-11 Dec 1941)

6th Henry Valerian George Wellesley (11 Dec 1941-16 Sep 1943)

7th Gerald Wellesley (16 Sep 1943-4 Jan 1972)

8th Arthur Valerian Wellesley (4 Jan 1972-31 Dec 2014)

9th Arthur Charles Valerian Wellesley (31 Dec 2014- )

Duke of Westminster[United Kingdom, 1874]

1st Hugh Lupus Grosvenor (27 Feb 1874-22 Dec 1899)

2nd Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor (22 Dec 1899-19 Jul 1953)

3rd William Grosvenor (19 Jul 1953-22 Feb 1963)

4th Gerald Hugh Grosvenor (22 Feb 1963-25 Feb 1967)

5th Robert George Grosvenor (25 Feb 1967-19 Feb 1979)

6th Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor (19 Feb 1979-10 Aug 2016)

7th Hugh Richard Louis Grosvenor (10 Aug 2016- )

Duke of Wharton, co. Westmorland[Great Britain, 1718]

1st Philip Wharton (28 Jan 1718- ) in an attempt by the authorities to wean him from his Jacobitism and make him a good Whig like his father

Duke of York[England, 1385]

1st Edmund Langley (6 Aug 1385-1 Aug 1402)

2nd Edward York (1 Aug 1402-25 Oct 1415)

3rd Richard Plantagenet (19 May 1426-30 Dec 1460) being restored in blood to the honours held by his uncle

4th Edward IV Plantagenet (30 Dec 1460-9 Apr 1483)

Duke of York[England, 1474]

1st Richard Plantagenet (28 May 1474-a Nov 1483)

Duke of York[England, 1494]

1st Henry VIII Tudor (31 Oct 1494-28 Jan 1547)

Duke of York[England, 1605]

1st Charles I Stuart (6 Jan 1605-30 Jan 1649)

Duke of York[England, 1644]

1st James II Stuart (27 Jan 1644-16 Sep 1701)

Duke of York[Great Britain, 1716]

1st Ernst August Hanover (5 Jul 1716-14 Aug 1728)

Duke of York[Great Britain, 1760]

1st Edward Augustus Hanover (1 Apr 1760-17 Sep 1767)

Duke of York[Great Britain, 1784]

1st Frederick Augustus Hanover (27 Nov 1784-5 Jan 1827)

Duke of York[United Kingdom, 1892]

1st George V Windsor (24 May 1892-20 Jan 1936)

Duke of York[United Kingdom, 1920]

1st George VI Windsor (3 Jun 1920-6 Feb 1952)

Duke of York[United Kingdom, 1986]

1st Andrew Albert Christian Edward Mountbatten-Windsor (23 Jul 1986- )



A total of 155 of these titles have been held by 537 individuals.