Medieval Kingdom of Italy1
Berengar I of Friuli (888-924) 
Guy of Spoleo (889-894, rival king) 
Lambert (894-898, rival king) 
Louis of Provence (900-905, rival king) 
Rudolf of Burgundy (922-926, rival king) 
Hugh of Arles (926-948) 
Lothair (948-950, co-regent 931) 
Berengar II of Ivrea (950-963) 
Adalbert (950-963) 
Kingdom of Naples and Sicily2
House of Hauteville – Dukes of Apulia
Robert Guiscard (1059-1085) 
Roger Borsa (1085-1111) 
William (1111-1127) 
Counts of Sicily
Roger I (1072-1101) 
Simon (1101-1105) 
Kings of Naples and Sicily
Roger II, the Great (1105-1154) 
William I, the Bad (1154-1166) 
William II, the Good (1166-1189) 
Tancred of Lecce (1190-1194) 
Roger III (1192-1194) 
William III (1194) 
House of Hohenstaufen
Henry (1194-1197) 
Frederick I (1197-1250) 
Conrad (1250-1254) 
Manfred (1258-1266) 
House of Anjou – Kings of Naples
Charles I (1266-1285) 
Charles II, the Lame (1285-1309) 
Robert the Wise (1309-1343) 
Joan I (1343-1381) 
Charles III of Durazzo (1381-1386) 
Ladislas (1386-1414) 
Joan II (1414-1435) 
René the Good (1435-1442) 
House of Aragon
Alfonso I, the Magnanimous (1443-1458) 
Ferdinand I (1458-1494) 
Alfonso II (1494-1495) 
Ferdinand II (1495-1496) 
Frederick (1496-1501) 
House of Aragon – Kings of Sicily
Peter I, the Great (1282-1285) 
James the Just (1285-1295) 
Frederick II (1296-1337) 
Peter II (1337-1342) 
Louis (1342-1355) 
Frederick III (1355-1377) 
Mary (1377-1401) 
Martin I, the Younger (1390-1409) 
Martin II, the Humane (1409-1410) 
House of Savoy
Victor Amadeus II (1713-1720) 
House of Bourbon – Kings of Naples and Sicily
Charles (1734-1759) 
Ferdinand IV (Naples: 1759-1806, Sicily: 1759-1816) 
House of Bonaparte – Kings of Naples
Joseph Napoleon (1806-1808) 
Joachim Napoleon (1808-1815) 
House of Bourbon – Kings of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand I (1816-1825) 
Francis I (1825-1830) 
Ferdinand II (1830-1859) 
Francis II (1859-1860) 
United with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Este in Ferrara and Modena3
Lords of Ferrara
Azzo I (1196-1212) 
Aldobrandino I (1212-1215) 
Azzo II, the Younger (1215-1264) 
Obizzo I (1264-1293) 
Azzo III (1293-1308) 
Fresco (1308) 
Venetian, then Papal rule (1308-1317)
Rinaldo (1317-1335) 
Niccolò I (1317-1344) 
Obizzo II (1317-1352) 
Aldobrandino III (1352-1361) 
Niccolò II, the Lame (1361-1388) 
Alberto (1388-1393) 
Niccolò III (1393-1441) 
Leonello (1441-1450) 
Dukes of Ferrara
Borso (1450-1471) 
Ercole I (1471-1505) 
Alfonso I (1505-1534) 
Ercole II (1534-1559) 
Alfonso II (1559-1597) 
Dukes of Modena
Cesare (1597-1628) 
Alfonso III (1628-1629) 
Francis I (1629-1658) 
Alfonso IV (1658-1662) 
Francis II (1662-1694) 
Rinaldo (1694-1737) 
Francis III (1737-1780) 
Ercole III (1780-1796) 
Union with the Cispadane Republic (1796-1814)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis IV (1814-1846) 
Francis V (1846-1859) 
Union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Montefeltro and Della Rovere in Urbino4
Counts of Urbino
Buonconte (1226-1241) 
Montefeltrano (1241-1253) 
Guido (1253-1296) 
Federico I (1296-1322) 
Papal rule (1308-1317)
Nolfo (1322-1360) 
Federico II (1360-1363) 
Antonio (1363-1404) 
Guidantonio (1404-1443) 
Oddantonio (1443-1444) 
Dukes of Urbino
Federico III (1444-1482) 
Guidubaldo I (1482-1508) 
House of Della Rovere
Francesco Maria I (1508-1538) 
Guidubaldo II (1538-1574) 
Francesco Maria II (1574-1621) 
Federico Ubaldo (1621-1623) 
Francesco Maria II (1623-1631) 
Union with the Papal States in 1631
The Visconti and Sforza in Milan5
House of Visconti – Lords of Milan
Matteo I, the Great (1287-1302, 1311-1322) 
Galeazzo I (1322-1327) 
Republic (1327-1329)
Azzone (1329-1339) 
Luchino (1339-1349) 
Giovanni (1339-1354) 
Matteo II (1354-1355) 
Galeazzo II (1354-1378) 
Bernabò (1354-1385) 
Dukes of Milan
Giovanni Galeazzo (1378-1402) 
Giovanni Maria (1402-1412) 
Filippo Maria (1412-1447) 
Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450)
House of Sforza
Francesco I (1450-1466) 
Galeazzo Maria (1466-1476) 
Giovanni Galeazzo (1476-1494) 
Ludovico Maria (1494-1499) 
French rule (1499-1500)
Ludovico Maria (1500) 
French rule (1500-1512)
Massimiliano (1512-1515) 
French rule (1515-1521)
Francesco II (1521-1525) 
Imperial rule (1525-1529)
Francesco II (1529-1535) 
Union with the Empire in 1535
The Gonzaga in Mantua6
Captain-Generals of Mantua
Luigi (1328-1360) 
Guido (1360-1369) 
Ludovico I (1369-1382) 
Francesco I (1382-1407) 
Marquises of Mantua
Gianfrancesco (1407-1444) 
Ludovio II (1444-1478) 
Federico I (1478-1484) 
Francesco II (1484-1519) 
Dukes of Mantua
Federico II (1519-1540) 
Francesco III (1540-1550) 
Guglielmo (1550-1587) 
Vincenzo I (1587-1612) 
Francesco IV (1612) 
Ferdinando (1612-1626) 
Vincenzo II (1626-1627) 
Line of Nevers
Carlo I (1631-1637) 
Carlo II (1637-1665) 
Ferdinando Carlo (1665-1708) 
Union with the Empire in 1708
The Medici in Florence7
House of Medici
Cosimo the Elder (1434-1464) 
Piero I, the Gouty (1464-1469) 
Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) 
Piero II (1492-1494) 
Republic (1494-1512)
Giuliano of Nemours (1512-1513) 
Lorenzo of Urbino (1513-1519) 
Giulio (1519-1523) 
Ippolito (1523-1527) 
Republic (1527-1530)
Duchy of Florence
Alessandro (1531-1537) 
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Cosimo I (1537-1574) 
Francis I (1574-1587) 
Ferdinand I (1587-1609) 
Cosimo II (1609-1621) 
Ferdinand II (1621-1670) 
Cosimo III (1670-1723) 
Giovanni Gastone (1723-1737) 
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis II (1737-1765) 
Leopold I (1765-1790) 
Ferdinand III (1790-1799) 
French rule (1799-1801)
House of Bourbon
Louis I (1801-1803) 
Louis II (1803-1807) 
French rule (1807-1809)
House of Bonaparte
Marie Anne (Elisa) (1809-1814) 
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Ferdinand III (1814-1824) 
Leopold II (1824-1859) 
Ferdinand IV (1859-1860) 
Union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Farnese and Bourbons in Parma8
House of Farnese
Pier Luigi (1545-1547) 
Ottavio (1547-1586) 
Alessandro (1586-1592) 
Ranuccio I (1592-1622) 
Odoardo (1622-1646) 
Ranuccio II (1646-1694) 
Francesco (1694-1727) 
Antonio (1727-1731) 
House of Bourbon
Charles I (1731-1736) 
Austrian rule (1736-1748)
Philip (1748-1765) 
Ferdinand (1765-1802) 
French rule (1802-1808)
Union with France (1808-1814)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Marie Louise (1814-1847) 
House of Bourbon
Charles II (1847-1849) 
Charles III (1849-1854) 
Robert (1854-1859) 
Union with the Empire in 1708
The House of Savoy9
Counts of Savoy
Humbert I, Whitehands (1000-1048) 
Amadeus I (1048-1051) 
Oddo (1051-1059) 
Peter I (1059-1078) 
Amadeus II (1078-1080) 
Humbert II, the Fat (1080-1103) 
Amadeus III (1103-1148) 
Humbert III (1148-1189) 
Thomas (1189-1233) 
Amadeus IV (1233-1253) 
Boniface (1253-1263) 
Peter II (1263-1268) 
Philip I (1268-1285) 
Amadeus V, the Great (1285-1323) 
Edward the Liberal (1323-1329) 
Aymon the Pacific (1329-1343) 
Amadeus VI, the Green (1343-1383) 
Amadeus VII, the Red Count (1383-1391) 
Dukes of Savoy
Amadeus VIII (1391-1440) 
Louis (1440-1465) 
Amadeus IX (1465-1472) 
Philibert I, the Hunter (1472-1482) 
Charles I, the Warrior (1482-1490) 
Charles John Amadeus (1490-1496) 
Philip II of Bresse (1496-1497) 
Philibert II, the Handsome (1497-1504) 
Charles II, the Good (1504-1553) 
Emmanuel Philibert (1553-1580) 
Charles Emmanuel I, the Great (1580-1630) 
Victor Amadeus I (1630-1637) 
Francis Hyacinth (1637-1638) 
Charles Emmanuel II (1638-1675) 
Kings of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II (1675-1730) 
Charles Emmanuel III (1730-1773) 
Victor Amadeus III (1773-1796) 
Charles Emmanuel IV (1796-1802) 
Victor Emmanuel I (1802-1821) 
Charles Felix (1821-1831) 
Line of Carignano
Charles Albert (1831-1849) 
Kings of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) 
Humbert I (1878-1900) 
Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946) 
Humbert II (1946) 
Proclamation of the Republic in 1946
- [S38] John Morby, Oxford Dynasties of the World (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 98.
- [S38] ibid., pages 102-103.
- [S38] ibid., pages 104.
- [S38] ibid., pages 105.
- [S38] ibid., pages 106.
- [S38] ibid., pages 107.
- [S38] ibid., pages 108-109.
- [S38] ibid., pages 109.
- [S38] ibid., pages 110-111.